What does the Palestinian keffiyeh symbolize?

From its ancient Mesopotamian origins to its modern status as a global symbol of solidarity, the Palestinian keffiyeh (also called kufiya, shemagh or hatta) carries centuries of meaning in its iconic black-and-white checks. This square meter scarf is far more than simple fabric, it's a woven narrative of Palestinian heritage, struggle and resilience.

Ancient Roots, Evolving Meaning
The keffiyeh's story begins around 3100 BCE in the Mesopotamian city of Kufa (modern-day Iraq), from which it derives its name. Originally worn by Sumerian priests as a mark of status, the headscarf gradually spread throughout the Arab world as practical protection against the harsh desert sun and sandstorms.

In Palestine, the garment initially divided social classes:

• Rural farmers (fellahin) wore the breathable cotton keffiyeh for its functionality

• Urban elites (effendis) preferred the tarboush (red fez) as a status symbol

This changed dramatically during the 1936 Arab Revolt against British rule. When British authorities banned the keffiyeh to prevent rebels from hiding their identities, Palestinians of all classes defiantly adopted it as a unifying symbol of resistance.

From Practical Garment to Political Icon

The keffiyeh's transformation into a global emblem accelerated in the 1960s through Yasser Arafat's iconic styling. The Palestinian leader deliberately draped his keffiyeh over his right shoulder to resemble:

1. The map of historic Palestine pre-1948

2. The dome of Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa Mosque

During Israel's 1967-1993 ban on the Palestinian flag, the keffiyeh became the primary visual representation of Palestinian identity worldwide. Today, while worn by celebrities and activists globally, its deepest meaning remains rooted in Palestinian soil.

Symbolism Woven in Thread

The keffiyeh's patterns tell a layered story:

• Fishnet design: Represents Palestinian connection to the Mediterranean Sea and fishing traditions. Some interpret it as barbed wire symbolizing occupation.

• Olive leaves: Honor Palestine's ancient olive groves and the 100,000 families dependent on olive harvests. These resilient trees (living 300-600 years) mirror Palestinian steadfastness.

• Bold lines: Depict historic trade routes or, alternatively, the walls restricting Palestinian movement.

How to Wear the Keffiyeh with Respect
For those wishing to honor its significance:

1. Purchase Authentic: Support Palestinian artisans through Kufiya's official store (palestiniankufiya.org)

2. Learn Its History: Understand the stories woven into each pattern

3. Use It Purposefully: Whether as a scarf, banner or display, let it spark conversations about justice